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July 29, 2020

A Profile of Our Immigrant Neighbors in Central Virginia

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Central Virginia immigrants are diverse, long-standing pillars of the community

In the central Virginia region, there are about 100,087 immigrants. Foreign-born Virginians make up 9% of the region’s residents — less than the rate of the state’s foreign-born population (13%) and the national average of 14%. Seen another way, almost 1 in 10 of all foreign-born Virginians live in central Virginia. And 44% of immigrants in the region reside in Henrico County.

Central Virginia’s immigrant residents come from a variety of places. Almost 8 in 10 immigrants in the area were born in Asia or Latin America, with most being from Asia. India is the most common country of birth among area immigrants, accounting for 13% of all foreign-born residents. Following India, El Salvador, Mexico, Guatemala, and Vietnam make up the top five places of origin. Other common countries of birth are China (excluding Taiwan and Hong Kong), the Philippines, Korea, and Honduras.

Circle graph showing regions of birth for central Virginia immigrants based on analysis of 2014-2018 5 year ACS data. Over one third were born in Latin America and just under half were born in Asia

The race and ethnicity of immigrants is also diverse. Over 8 in 10 immigrants in the region are people of color. More specifically, more than one-third (36%) of foreign-born area residents self-report their race and ethnicity as Latinx and any race, and around 33% self-report as non-Latinx Asian-American or Pacific Islander. Around 1 in 10 area immigrants self-report as Black, and almost 2 in 10 identify as white (17%).

Bar graph generally showing share of foreign-born immigrants  by year of entry into the US based on analysis of ACS 2018 data. 37% of central Virginia immigrants entered before 2000, 33% entered between 2000 and 2009, and 30% entered in 2010 or later

Nearly half (47%) of foreign-born residents of central Virginia are naturalized citizens, slightly lower than the statewide and nationwide rates. This means that they have completed a lengthy including several years of residence and passing a test on U.S. history, laws, and customs, among other requirements. And most area immigrants are not newcomers: around 20% have resided in the area since before 1990, and half entered the United States between 1990 and 2009.

Circle graph showing that 17% of children in central Virginia ages 0 through 17 with at least one foreign-born parent, based on analysis of 2014-2018 5 year ACS data

Many people continue to choose Virginia as their new home, with nearly one third of immigrant residents moving to the area after 2010 And while there are few foreign-born children in central Virginia, many native-born children have parents who were born outside of the U.S. About 17% of children in the area have at least one foreign-born parent, demonstrating that many Virginia immigrants put down roots, build families, and are raising tomorrow’s community leaders and innovators.

Central Virginia immigrants work in a variety of occupations & support the labor force

Immigrants play a large role in Virginia’s labor force and economy. Area immigrants are primarily working age (age 20 through 59), and this is reflected in their labor force participation. About 71% of foreign-born immigrants in the region are employed — higher than the 65% of U.S.-born area residents that are employed. And they work in a variety of occupations, including the region’s biggest employment sectors. Of those who are employed, around 1 in 5 area immigrants work in service occupations, which covers a wide variety of work from home health aides to restaurant servers, dental assistants, and more.

Bar growing showing the share of native-born and foreign-born employment by sector in central Virginia. Following service occupations at just over 20%, 14% of foreign-born immigrants work in management, business, and financial occupations, 12% in construction and 11% in computer, engineering, and science occupations, based on analysis of ACS 2018 data via IPUMS-USA

Many central Virginia immigrants work in “white-collar” occupations, rather than “blue-collar” occupations that typically require manual labor. About 28% of the working population works in what are considered blue-collar occupations, while 51% work in what are considered white collar occupations. Following service occupations, 14% of foreign-born immigrants work in management, business, and financial occupations. While it is the second most common sector of work that area immigrants are employed in, they are still underrepresented when compared to the native-born population. Around 19% of U.S.-born area residents make up that sector of the labor market, which tends to be highly-paid. Finally, many area immigrants work in construction (12%) and computer, engineering, and science occupations (11%).

While well educated, earnings lag for area immigrants

Circle graph showing highest level of education attained by foreign-born residents in central Virginia, based on analysis of ACS 2018 data via IPUMS-USA.  Less than high school, 27%; high school diploma, 18%; some college, 13%; bachelors, 22%; and advanced degree 20%

Many area immigrants are also well educated. Over half (55%) of the foreign-born population in central Virginia have attained at least some college education or higher, and 4 in 10 have a bachelor’s degree or a professional degree — higher rates than for the foreign-born population nationally. However, immigrant residents are over twice as likely to have only attained some (and not completed) high school than U.S.-born residents. This may signal that greater efforts should be made to connect students with educational services that meet their needs. Now that in-state college tuition is available regardless of citizenship status, more students who are immigrants may feel that a high school diploma offers a realistic path forward to college and be able to access more affordable higher education, which will in turn increase the education levels of Virginia’s workforce.

Most immigrants in the region also speak English fluently. More than half speak only English, speak English “very well”, or “well”, which has likely enabled their success in education and the labor force. However, many are still learning — more than 2 in 10 immigrants in the region speak English at levels lower than “well”, and it is important to recognize their needs.

Perhaps due to high education and employment levels, median household incomes for immigrants and for U.S.-born residents in central Virginia are similar and relatively high at about $70,000. Looking more closely at this data by race shows that many immigrants of color have found economic success in the region. Median household incomes for immigrants who are Asian American or Pacific Islander reach to $94,500. Immigrants who are Latinx and any race, however, have median household incomes of about $46,000, which may present challenges for some in meeting the cost of living in central Virginia. And despite overall high incomes, many pay a high share of it towards housing costs.

Policy options at the state level can help address barriers to housing and health

Housing costs a burden particularly for immigrant households

Bar graph showing median household income for central Virginia immigrants compared to native-born Virginians by race and ethnicity, based on analysis of ACS 2018 data via IPUMS-USA

Housing costs in the region are one of the major challenges for all area residents, and particularly for immigrant families. Over a quarter of all foreign-born area residents pay more than 30% of their income towards housing costs, a share that the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development defines as a cost burden. Looking at U.S.-born area residents, around 21% pay more than 30% of their incomes towards housing costs. While it is clear that affordable housing is a challenge for all in the area, foreign-born residents experience slightly more of a burden.

Two circle graphs showing average share of income paid toward housing for foreign-born and U.S. born residents in central Virginia.  About 27% of all foreign-born area residents are considered cost-burdened when it comes to housing, compared to 21% of U.S. born residents based on analysis of ACS 2018 data via IPUMS-USA

Policymakers can take immediate and long-term steps to address housing challenges

There are a number of policy options that would alleviate some of this housing cost burden. In the short term, and more specifically during the upcoming special session, legislators should restore the funding increases made toward housing-related programs, which were temporarily suspended in response to the economic crises brought upon by the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes the Housing Trust Fund, which provides low-cost loans for affordable rental and homeownership opportunities, eviction defense/diversion and affordable housing pilot programs, and increases in permanent supportive housing. In addition to reenacting these new funds, lawmakers should make continued and increased investments in the Housing Trust Fund and related housing programs in order to make sure that basic needs are met for more people in Virginia.

Reducing barriers to new construction of high-density, affordable, and mixed-income housing could also lower housing costs for both immigrant-born and U.S.-born households. Inclusionary zoning and zoning reform policies — the latter of which was proposed in the most recent legislative session — seek to require developers to sell or rent a portion of a residential housing development to people who have lower incomes and allow duplexes in areas zoned for only single-family homes in order to make affordable housing easier to build. These policies, alongside enforcement and strengthening nondiscrimination statutes, will help make sure families are not turned away from a home because of their race, nationality, or immigration status and would help alleviate housing challenges in the central Virginia region.

Lack of health coverage a concern, particularly for non-citizens

Bar graph showing the share of central Virginians with any form of health insurance based on analysis of ACS 2018 data. 93% of U.S. born citizens, 91% of naturalized citizens, and 58% of non-citizens have health insurance

Access to health care coverage is another challenge for some in the region. While 93% of U.S.-born area residents are insured, only 74% of all foreign-born area residents have health insurance. This trend is more pronounced for area immigrants that are non-citizens, who have even lower rates of health coverage than the naturalized foreign-born population. Less than half as many non-citizens have public health coverage compared to U.S.-born area residents. And more than 4 in 10 — 21,973 area residents — of all non-citizens in the region have no health coverage at all.

Lawmakers can remove barriers, make intentional choices to support communities

The number of uninsured non-citizens has not changed significantly since 2014, showing that coverage gaps remain. Access to affordable health care coverage in the area was a challenge well before the COVID-19 pandemic, and it may be just one reason why COVID-19 is impacting residents who are Latinx and/or Black at higher rates. Policymakers should make sure that funding to eliminate barriers, such as the “40 quarter” rule, is fully restored during the upcoming special legislative session in order to address some of the health care access
challenges. And additional, intentional health care policy choices should be made that would support immigrants and people of color during this especially challenging moment and beyond.

Central Virginia residents who are immigrants — and immigrants all across the state — are key members of our communities and contributors to our economy. As mostly long-time residents of the region, they have put down roots and have often found success. However, addressing challenges faced by many in the immigrant community in central Virginia — such as lower incomes, lack of health insurance, and language barriers — is critical to ensure the well-being of our communities and to build a Virginia that works for all of us.

Methodology Note
These reports define the “U.S.-born” population as those who were U.S. citizens at birth, including those born in any of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and those born to U.S. citizens abroad. The term “foreign-born” and “immigrants” are used interchangeably within these reports to refer to those who were born abroad and were not U.S. citizens at birth.

Kathy Mendes

kathy@thecommonwealthinstitute.org

Laura Goren

laura@thecommonwealthinstitute.org

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