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August 22, 2019

Update: In-State Tuition Is a Common Sense, Low-Cost Investment for Virginia

The availability of in-state tuition rates at public colleges and universities for Virginians provides a pathway to better jobs and opportunities that benefits students and the state economy. And looking at Virginia’s experience over the last four years, it’s clear that allowing Virginia students who have deferred action immigration status to pay in-state rates does not create a cost burden to the state or result in overcrowded classrooms.

Background: In April 2014, Attorney General Mark Herring issued legal guidance finding that Virginia residents with Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) approval can be eligible for in-state tuition rates at Virginia colleges and universities if they otherwise meet the state’s residency requirements. This legal guidance built on a prior finding by former Attorney General Robert McDonnell who affirmed in 2007 that Virginia residents with Temporary Protected Status can be eligible for in-state tuition rates if they otherwise meet the state’s residency requirements. Before new enrollment was ended, the federal DACA program was open to teens and young adults who met certain criteria, including: having come to the United States before age 16; being currently enrolled in school, having earned a high school degree or its equivalent, or having been honorably discharged from the U.S. military; and not having a significant criminal record. As of January 2019, a court order is allowing young people who already have DACA to renew their status, but new people cannot apply. Temporary Protected Status is available for individuals who the Secretary of Homeland Security finds cannot be safely returned to their countries due to armed conflict, natural disasters, epidemics, or other extraordinary circumstances. As of January 2019, a court order is preventing the Secretary from ending TPS for individuals from Sudan, Nicaragua, Haiti, and El Salvador. As with other Virginians attending the state’s public colleges and universities, DACA- and TPS-approved students remain responsible for a significant portion of their educational costs, but at the same rate as other Virginia residents, rather than at far higher out-of-state rates. There are currently about 10,300 Virginians with DACA status and 29,800 Virginians with TPS.

During the 2015 legislative session, Virginia’s General Assembly recognized the importance of providing access to college for all Virginians and rejected a proposal that would have singled out a group of Virginians — those with Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals status — and would have barred them from being able to pay in-state tuition rates.

Current uncertainty about the future of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and Temporary Protected Status (TPS) programs creates the risk that young Virginians who are currently enrolled in Virginia colleges and universities could lose DACA or TPS status and therefore lose access to in-state tuition, and future students may not be able to access these protections at all. As of August 2019, a court order allows people who already have DACA status to renew it, but new people cannot apply. This means that many of this year’s and next year’s graduating high school seniors do not have the opportunity to apply for DACA. And the Supreme Court has set up legal arguments to begin in the fall of 2019 to decide if the program can be terminated for current DACA holders. TPS for people from Sudan, Nicaragua, Haiti, and El Salvador is in similar legal limbo.

State policymakers could mitigate the potential impact of this loss on DACA- and TPS-approved students and their families by expanding in-state tuition access to Virginia residents regardless of immigration status. Doing so would also provide more affordable access to Virginia colleges and universities for Virginia residents whose immigration status does not otherwise fall into the categories currently required for in-state tuition. At least eighteen states, including Colorado, Oklahoma, and Texas, have made this choice in order to boost the educational attainment of their workforces and help all families in their states succeed.

Virginia’s experience with in-state tuition for young people with DACA and TPS status shows this access is important for students and their families, and is not creating overcrowding. Data from Virginia’s public colleges and universities, including Virginia’s community college system, show that enrollment by students who have DACA status has been modest. As of Fall 2017, there were 418 DACA-approved students attending Virginia’s four-year public colleges and universities and 995 at Virginia community colleges out of almost 390,000 total students. Of those DACA-approved students, 96 percent were Virginians who qualified for in-state tuition; the other 4 percent paid out-of-state tuition like other out-of-state students. There were also 27 students with TPS enrolled in Virginia’s four-year public colleges and universities, of whom 22 had in-state tuition, as of Fall 2017. (Data on enrollment by students with TPS status in Virginia’s community colleges is not available.)

These enrollment numbers show that any concerns that Virginians with DACA and TPS status would overwhelm Virginia’s public colleges are unfounded.

Moreover, being able to go to college can make a big difference in these Virginians’ lives and boost their ability to contribute to the state economy.

Big benefits for the students, their future employers, and Virginia’s economy

Not only does going to college make a difference in the lives of individual students, it also makes them more productive future employees and Virginians. Obtaining a college degree — or even attending college but not completing a degree — provides skills and knowledge that leads to higher productivity, lower likelihood of unemployment, and higher wages.

The public funding that enables states to charge lower college tuition to their residents is a common-sense investment the state makes in young people. Lowering the cost barrier to obtain an education means more productive Virginians, helps employers find the workers they need, and strengthens the state’s economy. In exchange, young people — and their families — invest by paying a portion of college costs and spending thousands of hours studying and learning, developing skills that should boost earnings and job opportunities in the future. The state as a whole also benefits from this partnership, since workers who make decent incomes are able to provide more stability and opportunities for their own children.

Bar graph showing median earnings in Virginia by educational attainment, for full-time, year-round wage and salary workers. As educational attainment rises, median earnings also rise, based on TCI analysis if 2017 Census data on median earnings, retrieved via IPUMS-USA

Here in Virginia, full-time, year-round workers with a bachelor’s degree typically make $65,000 a year, compared to $35,000 for those without any education beyond a high school diploma or its equivalent. Over 40 years of work, that’s an extra $1.2 million in earnings for the typical worker with a bachelor’s degree.

Workers and the economy also benefit from more people achieving two-year associate’s degrees and non-degree credentials, which are often designed to provide skills for occupations with many unfilled jobs. Vocational jobs-training programs at community colleges could offer students a clear pathway to skilled occupations at an even more affordable rate if they are able to access in-state tuition. On average, Virginians with an associate’s degree who are working full-time, year-round make $45,000 a year, well above the average of $35,000 for those with only a high school diploma or equivalent. Over 40 years of work, that could mean an extra $400,000 in lifetime earnings. A student wouldn’t have to invest in a four-year university to reap the benefits of an affordable education.

Even workers who attend some college but do not complete a degree typically make about $5,000 more per year than those who haven’t attended any college, which amounts to $200,000 over 40 years of work.

Of course, providing in-state tuition has a cost to either the colleges or the state. If the DACA-approved students would otherwise be attending the colleges and paying the out-of-state rates, having in-state tuition means the 408 in-state DACA-approved four-year college students are each paying their colleges $22,300 less per year on average, or $89,200 over four years. For community college students, the differences between in-state and out-of-state tuition are lower — $6,000 for one year on average, and $12,000 for a full two years of tuition and fees.

However, it’s unlikely that all these students would be attending college and paying out-of-state tuition if they were not eligible for in-state tuition, since out-of-state tuition rates would be beyond their financial reach.

Table showing the costs and benefits of providing in-state-tuition, per student.  For example, the low-end estimate for cost to college and/or state of providing access to four years of in-state tuition is $33,300 while the increased lifetime earnings is $200,000. Based on TCI analysis of 2018-2019 tuition/E&G fees and fall 2017 DACA enrollment data from SCHEV and Census ACS 2017 earnings data retrieved via IPUMS

Another way to think about the cost is in terms of the amount of funding the state provides toward in-state undergraduate education.

On average, tuition and educational fees cover 55 percent of the core costs of education for in-state Virginia undergraduate students, while state payments to the colleges and universities cover 45 percent of the cost.

Assuming this cost split holds true at the colleges where the DACA-approved students attend, the average cost to the state of the students’ education would be $8,300 per-student per-year, or $33,300 across four years of college attendance. For community college students, the differences would be $4,200 for one year, and $8,500 for the two years of coursework required for an associates’ degree.

But no matter how we think about the costs of providing access to in-state tuition for Virginians with approved DACA status, the benefits in the form of increased lifetime earnings and productivity far exceed the cost.

Tiny impact on overall college enrollment levels

While having large benefits in the lives of each student and boosting their future productivity and earnings, the enrollment of 1,413 DACA-approved students in Virginia’s colleges and universities makes almost no perceptible difference in overall enrollment levels at Virginia’s schools. Virginia’s public college system measures enrollment two ways: fall headcount and full-time-equivalent, with fall headcount being the most appropriate comparison to the DACA enrollment numbers, since it is likely that not all DACA-approved students are enrolled full time. DACA-approved students account for just four in every 1,000 students attending a Virginia public college or university.

Bar graph showing the number of DACA students enrolled at Virginia's public colleges from 2015 to 2017 are just a tiny of overall enrollment, based on TCI analysis of SCHEV data

Furthermore, Virginia’s colleges as a whole are no longer experiencing the rapid enrollment growth that created challenges during the 2000s. Overall enrollment growth at Virginia’s public four-year colleges has slowed in recent years, and enrollment has fallen at Virginia’s public community colleges, where most DACA-approved students are enrolled.

The main factors affecting enrollment levels are overall age trends, with the population bulge known as the millennial generation aging out of their prime college years; and an improving economy, which provides options for young Virginians who want to work rather than stay in school. A result is that Virginia’s college and university system appears to have the capacity to absorb the DACA-approved Virginians who have enrolled recently. Looking more closely at where most DACA-approved students enroll, the most popular choice is Northern Virginia Community College, which after rapid enrollment growth during the Great Recession has seen some dips in recent years, reducing competition for classes and classroom space.

Looking forward

The enrollment of some DACA- and TPS-approved students in Virginia’s community colleges and four-year colleges — and their access to the in-state tuition rates that other Virginians also receive — is good news for these students, their families and communities, and the state as a whole. These students are, in effect, partnering with the state to increase their skills and productivity. And general economic and demographic trends that have slowed enrollment growth at Virginia’s colleges means that there’s room at the table for these students. In fact, Virginia would be even better off if more of these young residents began attending college.

The threatened end of the DACA program and non-renewal of TPS for people from many countries places these gains at risk. Virginia policymakers can act now to make sure these young Virginians can continue to access in-state tuition and can also extend this access to other Virginia residents who are not currently eligible for in-state tuition solely due to their immigration status.

Having great public colleges and universities — and helping all Virginians afford to attend them — costs money, but it’s one of the things that makes Virginia one of the best states to live, work, start a business, and raise a family. Virginia’s students with deferred action status are part of a great tradition and future, one that makes us all proud.

Levi Goren

levi@thecommonwealthinstitute.org

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